Translation is the process that takes the information passed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds. It is essentially a translation from one code (nucleotide sequence) to another code (amino acid sequence).
Which molecule is made during transcription?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts; ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules form the core of a cell's ribosomes (the structures in which protein synthesis takes place); and transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein
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Where is RNA made and from what?
Well the DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell, here RNA is transcribed but protein is not translated. After transcription the RNA is relocated to the cytoplasm of the cell, here it is translated into protein. So the separation of nucleus and cytoplasm prevents protein from being made directly from DNA.
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Why can a bacteria recognize a human gene and then produce a human protein?
Genes for medically important proteins can be cloned and inserted into bacteria, as shown in the diagram below. Why can bacteria recognize a human gene and then produce a human protein? A. DNA replication in bacteria and humans is the same. B. Bacterial cells contain the same organelles as human cells.
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How RNA is made?
All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a process that has certain similarities to the process of DNA replication discussed in Chapter 5. Transcription begins with the opening and unwinding of a small portion of the DNA double helix to expose the bases on each DNA strand.
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Where does the process of translation occur?
It must occur in the nucleus where the DNA in the cell is located. However, once mRNA is produced, it leaves the nucleus and protein synthesis – translation – occurs in the cytoplasm.
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What is RNA made out of?
A strand of RNA can be thought of as a chain with a nucleotide at each chain link. Each nucleotide is made up of a base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, typically abbreviated as A, C, G and U), a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.
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What does the RNA do?
The three roles of RNA in protein synthesis. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code “words,” each of which specifies a particular amino acid. 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the key to deciphering the code words in mRNA.
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What is the process of RNA to protein called?
The process by which mRNA directs protein synthesis with the assistance of tRNA is called translation. The ribosome is a very large complex of RNA and protein molecules. Each three-base stretch of mRNA (triplet) is known as a codon, and one codon contains the information for a specific amino acid.
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What is the process of assembling a protein from RNA called and where does it occur?
The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm.
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What are three types of RNA and what do they do?
There are three types of RNA directly involved in protein synthesis:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
- The other two forms of RNA, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), are involved in the process of ordering the amino acids to make the protein.
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What is created during the process of transcription?
The primary difference between transcription and DNA replication is that only a single strand of mRNA is produced during transcription. During DNA replication both strands need to be copied and DNA polymerase needs to work on both strands at the same time.
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How is the RNA different from the DNA?
1) DNA often exists as a double stranded molecule and RNA as a single stranded molecule. 2) DNA contains thymine and RNA contains uracil. 3) DNA is most often used to store genetic information, while RNA serves a host of functions. 4) The sugar found in DNA contains one less oxygen molecule than the sugar found in RNA.
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Which is the purpose of transfer RNA?
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.
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Is RNA made of protein?
Ribonucleic acid, or RNA is one of the three major biological macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life (along with DNA and proteins). A central tenet of molecular biology states that the flow of genetic information in a cell is from DNA through RNA to proteins: “DNA makes RNA makes protein”.
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Where does translation happen in the cell?
Translation happens with the ribosomes, that are located in the cytoplasm of the cell. Cells have various numbers of ribosomes, possibly up to millions of them for some cells (source: British Society for Cell Biology). Ribosomes can be "free", or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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What is the purpose of transfer RNA?
transfer RNA / tRNA. Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.
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What is a polypeptide molecule?
Polypeptides are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide molecules. The amino acids are linked covalently by peptide bonds. The graphic on the right shows how three amino acids are linked by peptide bonds into a tripeptide.
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Where are introns found?
Sequences that are joined together in the final mature RNA after RNA splicing are exons. Introns are found in the genes of most organisms and many viruses, and can be located in a wide range of genes, including those that generate proteins, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
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What happens in the process of translation?
Translation is the process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation occurs in a structure called the ribosome, which is a factory for the synthesis of proteins.
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What are the different types of RNA?
There are 4 types of RNA, each encoded by its own type of gene:
- mRNA - Messenger RNA: Encodes amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
- tRNA - Transfer RNA: Brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation.
- rRNA - Ribosomal RNA: With ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes, the organelles that translate the mRNA.