6th October 2019

wikipedia

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What does the 5 UTR do?

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The 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) (also known as a leader sequence or leader RNA) is the region of an mRNA that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. This region is important for the regulation of translation of a transcript by differing mechanisms in viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Also, is there a Shine Dalgarno sequence in eukaryotes?

Shine-Dalgarno sequence in Prokaryotes is the the ribosome landing site. 30S ribosome lands at shine-dalgarno sequence and will scan through the RNA to reach initiator AUG. Initiator AUG may not be immediately after shine-dalgarno sequence. In Eukaryotes, ribosome recruitement is through 5'cap at the end of the mRNA.

What are the binding sites on a ribosome?

A ribosome binding site, or ribosomal binding site (RBS), is a sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome during the initiation of protein translation.

What is the function of the Kozak sequence?

The Kozak consensus sequence, Kozak consensus or Kozak sequence is a sequence which occurs on eukaryotic mRNA and has the consensus (gcc)gccRccAUGG. The Kozak consensus sequence plays a major role in the initiation of the translation process.

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What is 5 UTR and 3 UTR?

In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3'-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon. An mRNA molecule is transcribed from the DNA sequence and is later translated into protein.

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Where is the Shine Dalgarno sequence located?

The Shine-Dalgarno (SD) Sequence is a ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG. The RNA sequence helps recruit the ribosome to the messenger RNA (mRNA) to initiate protein synthesis by aligning the ribosome with the start codon.

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Is the 5 UTR part of the promoter?

Most promoter elements are not a part of the mRNA sequence. They are upstream (towards 5') of the transcription start site. However, a certain class of promoters called downstream promoter elements (DPE) can overlap with the geneic region. I do not think promoter sequences are on 5'UTR region.

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Is UTR part of the exon?

Often the first exon includes both the 5′-UTR and the first part of the coding sequence, but exons containing only regions of 5′-UTR or (more rarely) 3′-UTR occur in some genes, i.e. the UTRs may contain introns. Exonization is the creation of a new exon, as a result of mutations in introns.

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What is the untranslated region of a gene?

In molecular genetics, an untranslated region (or UTR) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding sequence on a strand of mRNA. mRNA is RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis (translation) within a cell.

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What is polyadenylation?

Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA. The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation.

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What is the 5 cap?

In eukaryotes, the 5′ cap (cap-0), found on the 5′ end of an mRNA molecule, consists of a guanine nucleotide connected to mRNA via an unusual 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage. This guanosine is methylated on the 7 position directly after capping in vivo by a methyltransferase.

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Where is the promoter located?

In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, on the same strand and upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand).

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How do Mirnas regulate a specific MRNA?

miRNAs (microRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They generally bind to the 3'-UTR (untranslated region) of their target mRNAs and repress protein production by destabilizing the mRNA and translational silencing.

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Are exons translated?

During transcription, the entire gene is copied into a pre-mRNA, which includes exons and introns. During the process of RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons joined to form a contiguous coding sequence. This "mature" mRNA is ready for translation.

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What direction does transcription and translation occur?

The mRNA is single-stranded and therefore only contains three possible reading frames, of which only one is translated. The codons of the mRNA reading frame are translated in the 5'→3' direction into amino acids by a ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain.

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Do prokaryotes have a UTR?

Thus they are found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes as well as viruses. Yes they have similarity as they are involved in regulation of gene expression, they might have promoters, operators or regulators sequences. The polyprotein transcribed from DNA/RNA in prokaryotes have stop codon for every protein and not UTRs.

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What is the transcription start site?

The transcription start site is the location where transcription starts at the 5'-end of a gene sequence. Each human gene is made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in a double helix.

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What is alternative RNA splicing?

Alternative splicing, or differential splicing, is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins. In this process, particular exons of a gene may be included within or excluded from the final, processed messenger RNA (mRNA) produced from that gene.

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What is the start codon for translation?

The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes for methionine in eukaryotes and a modified Met (fMet) in prokaryotes. The most common start codon is AUG. The start codon is often preceded by a 5' untranslated region (5' UTR).

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What is a UTR in tennis?

Universal Tennis Rating (UTR) is a global tennis player rating system whose goal is to produce an objective, consistent, and accurate index of players' skill in the game of tennis. UTR rates all players on a single 16-point scale, without regard to age, gender, nationality, or locale of a given match.

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Is a promoter transcribed?

Promoter sequences define the direction of transcription and indicate which DNA strand will be transcribed; this strand is known as the sense strand. Many eukaryotic genes have a conserved promoter sequence called the TATA box, located 25 to 35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site.

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How are transcription factors involved in the regulation of gene expression?

Transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA. Transcription factors include a wide number of proteins, excluding RNA polymerase, that initiate and regulate the transcription of genes.

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What is the process of synthesizing proteins from MRNA sequences?

The process by which mRNA directs protein synthesis with the assistance of tRNA is called translation. The ribosome is a very large complex of RNA and protein molecules. Each three-base stretch of mRNA (triplet) is known as a codon, and one codon contains the information for a specific amino acid.

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