AnswersDrivePyruvate oxidation is the next step in capturing the remaining energy in the form of ATP , although no ATP is made directly during pyruvate oxidation. Pyruvate—three carbons—is converted to acetyl CoA, a two-carbon molecule attached to coenzyme A.
What does the oxidation of pyruvate produce?
In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, each pyruvate molecule loses one carbon atom with the release of carbon dioxide. During the breakdown of pyruvate, electrons are transferred to NAD+ to produce NADH, which will be used by the cell to produce ATP.
How many ATP are produced by oxidative phosphorylation?
Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs.
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What is produced during the oxidation of pyruvate?
In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, each pyruvate molecule loses one carbon atom with the release of carbon dioxide. During the breakdown of pyruvate, electrons are transferred to NAD+ to produce NADH, which will be used by the cell to produce ATP.
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How many ATP are produced in one turn of the citric acid cycle?
There is a theoretical maximum of 38 ATP produced from a single glucose molecule: 2 NADH produced in glycolysis (3 ATP each) + 8 NADH produced in Krebs cycle (3 ATP each) + 2 FADH2 produced I don't know where (2 ATP each) + 2 ATP produced in the Krebs cycle + 2 ATP produced in glycolysis = 6 + 24 + 4 + 2 + 2 = 38 ATP,
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How many ATP molecules are produced in pyruvate oxidation?
The net gain of high-energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.
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How many ATP molecules are produced in fermentation and glycolysis?
There are two types of fermentation. Both types of fermentation regenerate oxidized NAD+, which is necessary for glycolysis and consequently the continued production of ATP by that pathway. The net energy gain in fermentation is 2 ATP molecules/glucose molecule.
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How many ATP are produced in the citric acid cycle?
The Krebs cycle produces two molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose. The Krebs cycle also produces eight molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2 per molecule of glucose.
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Where does the oxidation of pyruvate take place?
Yes, pyruvate oxidation happens in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells. As soon as pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes, it is oxidatively decarboxylated (with the help of the enzyme Pyruvate DeHydrogenase, PDH) to form Acetyl CoA (which is then free to act as a substrate in the Krebs cycle).
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Why is pyruvate converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions?
When sufficient oxygen is not present in the muscle cells for further oxidation of pyruvate and NADH produced in glycolysis, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by reduction of pyruvate to lactate. Pyruvate is converted to lactate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.
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How many carbons does an acetyl group have?
In carbohydrate metabolism, acetyl CoA is the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. The initiating step of the citric acid cycle occurs when a four carbon compound (oxaloacetic acid) condenses with acetyl CoA (2 carbons) to form citric acid (6 carbons).
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Where is glucose converted to pyruvate?
When glucose has been converted into G6P by hexokinase or glucokinase, it can either be converted to glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) for conversion to glycogen, or it is alternatively converted by glycolysis to pyruvate, which enters the mitochondrion where it is converted into acetyl-CoA and then into citrate.
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Is the citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic processes do not require oxygen while aerobic processes do require oxygen. The Krebs cycle, however, is not that simple. It is a part of a complex multi-step process called cellular respiration. Although the use of oxygen is not directly involved in the Krebs cycle, it is considered an aerobic process.
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How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules: Glycolysis, or the aerobic catabolic breakdown of glucose, produces energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which itself enters the citric acid cycle to produce more energy.
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How many ATP molecules are produced in aerobic respiration?
Cellular respiration can be an anaerobic or aerobic respiration, depending on whether or not oxygen is present. Anaerobic respiration makes a total of 2 ATP. Aerobic respiration is much more efficient and can produce up to 38 ATP with a single molecule of glucose.
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What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is not present in the cell?
During the first stage of this process, glucose molecules break down into molecules of a carbon-based substance called pyruvate. If oxygen is not present, the respiration cycle does not continue past the glycolysis stage. This type of respiration--without oxygen--is known as anaerobic respiration.
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How much ATP is produced in oxidative phosphorylation?
Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs.
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How ATP is made?
Glycolysis - begins glucose metabolism in all cells to produce 2 molecules of pyruvate. Occurs outside of mitochondria, usually in cytoplasm. Cellular Respiration - uses oxygen from the environment and converts each pyruvate to three molecules of carbon dioxide while trapping the energy released in this process in ATP.
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Where is pyruvate made in the cell?
Pyruvate oxidation steps. Pyruvate is produced by glycolysis in the cytoplasm, but pyruvate oxidation takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (in eukaryotes). So, before the chemical reactions can begin, pyruvate must enter the mitochondrion, crossing its inner membrane and arriving at the matrix.
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Is pyruvate sugar?
It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. Pyruvate is a key intersection in the network of metabolic pathways. Pyruvate can be converted into carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis, to fatty acids or energy through acetyl-CoA, to the amino acid alanine, and to ethanol.
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How many carbons are in a pyruvate molecule?
You can see that glucose has six carbon atoms, and you'll remember that earlier we said pyruvate has three carbon atoms, and this is important. That's because two pyruvate molecules joined together provide the backbone for glucose! 3 + 3 = 6.
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Is pyruvate oxidized or reduced in fermentation?
Under these conditions pyruvate undergoes a process termed fermentation, whereby pyruvate is reduced and NADH is oxidized to regenerate NAD+. The regeneration of NAD+ is critical for the ability of the cell to undergo additional rounds of glycolysis and to generate additional energy in the form of ATP.
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What are the three products of glycolysis?
Glycolysis involves the breaking down of a sugar (generally glucose, although fructose and other sugars may be used) into more manageable compounds in order to produce energy. The net end products of glycolysis are two Pyruvate, two NADH, and two ATP (A special note on the "two" ATP later).